We invite you to contribute to our survey by sending information to
Andrius Kulikauskas at ms@ms.lt He first started to collect examples
in July 1998, in Lithuanian. Please note this page is currently
undergoing a lot of construction
as we organize the examples, write
up some in more detail, and translate others from Lithuanian into English.
Hierarchies
Evolutions: evolution
of species | encyclopedia of chess
openings | doing taxes
Catalogs:
history of nature
chronicle of a nation
history of the cosmos
rhythm organizes a musical composition hierarchically
the whole numbers in decimal notation
A math proof is written sequentially, but typically involves a tremendous amount of reuse, as well as references to other results. Compare a math proof with establishing proof. [7/99, Andrius Kulikauskas]
Scriptures
Commentaries.
Epics, like Homer's Iliad. Poetic allusions, for example, by
Homer to myths.
Collected works of an author.
A person's health record, where new conditions may refer back to old
ones, or foreshadow new ones.
Product instructions may require steps to be skipped or replaced.
correspondence
resume
chromosome
DNA
chapters in a book
piece of music
photo album
e-mail discussion group, threaded discussions
diskografija
almanacho lentelës informacija, rodikliai
byla
genetinë informacija apie gyvybës istorijà
buhalterinë apskaita
dienoraðtis
laikraðtis (dienomis)
kalendorius, tvarkaraðtis
pasakos, pasakojimai
archyvas (iðsaugotinø bylø)
kasos aparatas
muziejus
liaudies ðokis
bibliografija
ðachmatø þaidimø rinkinys
lenktyniø iðdavos, nugalëtojai
muzikos instrumentø dalys veikale (supintos)
vaidinimas, supintas ið vaidmenø
planai ir jø vykdymai
biografija
montavimo lapai
scenarijus
atsiminimai
anketa
Tomas - knygos vidurys
Eilës tvarkos tikslai ir savybës
Galima lyginti tolydþiai, analogijomis, proporcijomis.
Parenki du taðkus eilëje, ir jø pagrindu iðvedama proporcija.
Tai tinka ne tik laikui, bet taip pat ir kitiems matams, pavyzdþiui
pinigai, nuotolis, greitis, ir taip toliau.
Gijø vërimas, pynimas, atskyrimas.
Lenteles galima supinti ið metraðèio gijø, tik
horizontaliai, ne vertikaliai. (naudoti atskirus stulpelius). Matricos
yra kryþminë tvarka.
Darbas ir jo padalinimas siejasi su seka, su eilës tvarka.
Produktyvumas ir darbo panaudojimas antrà kartà siejasi
su eilës tvarka.
Ar pasakojimas remiasi eilës tvarka ?
An encyclopedia of chess openings presents a hierarchy of the board positions that unfold as the chessplayers, White and Black, move their pieces from their starting positions. The editors evaluate the positions that evolve, and indicate whether they are to the advantage of White or Black, and the size of the advantage. The advantage may be recorded using a discrete scale (worse, slightly worse, roughly equal, slightly better, better) or, in this age of computer chess, using a continuous scale (where, for example, 0.0 is equal and 1.0 is a one pawn advantage for White and there are many subtle values in between). When either a discrete or continuous scale is used, then we can think about the "identification" of positions of equal value, much as if we "synchronized" them. This different kind of scale, value of position, achieves a similar effect as time, and is one-dimensional like time, but is not one-directional like time (a game can gravitate towards a win for White, a win for Black, or a draw). Also, the value of the chess position can be described qualitatively, which is important given issues of a chessplayer's style, what positions they are comfortable with. Even such qualitatively described positions can be "identified", or so to speak, "synchronized". The evaluation is no longer a one-dimensional parameter, and might be modeled with a multi-dimensional parameter. [7/99, Andrius Kulikauskas]
Doing taxes, for example, income taxes, can be thought of as the completion of many tax forms, ending with the tax form that indicates the final amount to be payed or returned. Each tax form is then understood to be the expansion of a line from another form. The tax forms are completed by the tax preparer in a particular order, ending with the final tax form. This evolution starts from the leaves and heads to the trunk. Doing taxes involves a different mental picture than completing a single tax form. [7/99, Andrius Kulikauskas]
Establishing a math proof is organized differently than a math proof itself. Establishing a math proof must be done hierarchically, starting with the final result and working backwards through the premises, to ensure that there are absolutely no unproven or unfounded assumptions. Establishing a math proof involves a tremendous amount of repetition, whereas a math proof eliminates this repetition with the use of a network of references to proven results, which makes the ideas of the proof much more clear, but makes possible errors of logic. [7/99, Andrius Kulikauskas]
Tas pats iðkyla organizuojant sudëtingesná bendrà
uþmojá, kaip didelæ ðventæ, kur pirma atskiriamos
atsakomybës, bet visø veikla atsiþvelgia á bendrà
kalendoriø (atskirtas darbas tampa bendru). Ðakø
tvarka sutrinka nes nenusako ásivaizduotà priskyrimo tvarkà
(pavyzdþiui, laiko) arba atrinkimo tvarkà (pavyzdþiui,
ðachmatø atidarymo ávertinimà, arba krautuvës
poskyrio pelningumà). Þodþiu, nëra pagrindo
teisingumui. Ávedamas laikas ar kitas matas, leidþiantis
atrinkti pomedá. Tai pagrindas ávertinimams. Rinkinys:
Jis pirma rûðiuojamas ðakø tvarka, parodyti pavyzdþiø
ávairovæ. Toliau pavyzdþiai skyriuose rikiuojami
eilës tvarka.
gemalo vystymasis.
miesto augimo raida
ðventës organizavimas.
virimo knyga
paðto þenklø, monetø rinkinys
krautuvës skyriø pelningumas
ðachmatø atidarymø istorija
ðachmatø atidarymai. Ðis pavyzdys ádomus
dël to, kad naujai ávertintas smulkesnis poskyris gali ið
pagrindø pakeisti stambesnio poskyrio ávertinimà.
ekonomininës veiklos rûðiø klasifikatorius
Hierarchiðkai organizuotos sporto varþybos
Warnier/Orr diagrams are hierarchical flowcharts for describing the organization of data and procedures. They organize information with hierarchical brackets. The information can be interpreted as a hierarchy of bigger topics and smaller topics, such as Outline { Section1 { Topic B or Customer { Address { City or Print Report { Print Summary { Print Totals or Week { Weekend { Saturday. A single level in the hierarchy may be interpreted as a sequence running from top to bottom. Additional notation indicates repetition (for example, from 1 to N), alternation (among possibilities). Less frequent are concurrency and recursion. [http://www.kenorrinst.com/wo1.html, 8/99, Andrius Kulikauskas]
pantheon
codex
academia
bureaucracy
Galima matyti atskirø dalykø santyká. Visos
galimybës iðsiskiria ðakø tvarka, taèiau kitos
paskui sutampa, ar iððaukia vienas kità, ir tai nurodoma
rodyklëmis, ávedant kryþminæ tvarkà.
Hierarchija stabili.
bibliotekos katalogas (teminis)
prekiø katalogas
sisteminis þodynas
enciklopedija (redaktoriaus akimis) Redaktorius pirma turi nuspræsti
kokiø straipsniø uþsisakyti. Kur straipsniø
þinios kartotøsi, ten ávedamos nuorodos.
kariuomenës, valdþios, bendrovës pareigos, personalas