# Book: MathNotes

Signal propagation - expansions

• Consider the connection between walks on trees and Dynkin diagrams, where the latter typically have a distinguished node (the root of the tree) from which we can imagine the tree being "perceived". There can also be double or triple perspectives.
• How do special rim hook tableaux (which depend on the behavior of their endpoints) relate to Dynkin diagrams (which also depend on their endpoints)?

Differentiability of a complex function means that it can be written as an infinite power series. So differentiation reduces complex functions to infinite power series. This is analogous to evolution abstracting the "real world" to a representation of it. And differentiation is relevant as a shift from the known to focus on the unknown - the change.

What is the connection between the universal grammar for games and the symmetric functions of the eigenvalues of a matrix?

An inner product on a vector space allows it to be broken up into vector spaces that complement each other, thus into irreducible vector spaces.

Matrices {$A=PBP^{-1}$} and {$B=P^{-1}AP$} have the same eigenvalues. They are simply written in terms of different coordinate systems. If v is an eigenvector of A with eigenvalue λ, then {$P^{-1}v$} is an eigenvector of B with the same eigenvalue λ.

Eigenvectors are the pure dimensions into which the action of a matrix (or linear transformation) can be decomposed.

Study how turning the counting around relates to cycles - finite fields.

Kuom skaičius skiriasi nuo pasikartojančios veiklos - būgno mušimo?

• B) kiekvienas skaičius laikomas nauju, skirtingu nuo visų kitų

briauna = skirtingumas

Special linear group has determinant 1. In general when the determinant is +/- 1 then by Cramer's rule this means that the inverse is an integer and so can have a combinatorial interpretation as such. It means that we can have combinatorial symmetry between a matrix and its inverse - neither is distinguished.

Determinant 1 iff trace is 0. And trace is 0 makes for the links +1 with -1. It grows by adding such rows.

One-dimensional economic thinking is like linear functionals - the dual space of the multidimensional reality. In finite dimensions, the dual dual is the same as what we started. But in infinite dimensions not necessarily. Does this suggest that our life is infinite-dimensional, which is to say, it can't be captured by a one-dimensional shadow?

{$A_n$} tracefree condition is similar to working with independent variables in the the center of mass frame of a multiparticle system. (Sunil, Mukunda). In other words, the system has a center! And every subsystem has a center.

Composition algebra. Doubling is related to duality.

Symplectic algebras are always even dimensional whereas orthogonal algebras can be odd or even. What do odd dimensional orthogonal algebras mean? How are we to understand them?

An relates to "center of mass". How does this relate to the asymmetry of whole and center?

Išėjimas už savęs reiškiasi kaip susilankstymas, išsivertimas, užtat tėra keturi skaičiai: +0, +1, +2, +3. Šie pirmieji skaičiai yra išskirtiniai. Toliau gaunasi (didėjančio ir mažėjančio laisvumo palaikomas) bendras skaičiavimas, yra dešimts tūkstantys daiktų, kaip sako Dao De Jing. Trečias yra begalybė.

Esminis pasirinkimas yra: kurią pasirinkimo sampratą rinksimės?

Kaip suvokiame {$x_i$}? Koks tai per pasirinkimas?

Kaip sekos lankstymą susieti su baltymų lankstymu ir pasukimu?

Kada pasirinkimo samprata keičiasi, visgi už visų sampratų slypi bendresnis, pirmesnis suvokimų suvokimas, taip kad renkamės pačią sampratą. Folding is the basis for substitution.

Fizikoje, posūkis yra viskas. Palyginti su ortogonaline grupe.

Bott periodicity exhibits self-folding. Note the duality with the pseudoscalar. Consider the formula n(n+1)/2 does that relate to the entries of a matrix?

{$x_0$} is fundamentally different from {$x_i$}. The former appears in the positive form {$\pm(x_0-x_1)$} but the others appear both positive and negative.

Kaip dvi skaičiavimo kryptis (conjugate) sujungti apsisukimu?

How to interpret possible expansions? For example, composition of function has a distinctive direction. Whereas a commutative product, or a set, does not.

Keturios pasirinkimo sampratos (apimtys) visos reikalingos norint išskirti vieną paskirą pasirinkimą.

Bott periodicity is the basis for 8-fold folding and unfolding.

Use "this" and "that" as unmarked opposites - conjugates.

An simplexes allow gaps because they have choice between "is" and "not". But all the other frameworks lack an explicit gap and so we get the explicit second counting. But:

• for Bn hypercubes we divide the "not" into two halves, preserving the "is" intact.
• for Cn cross-polytopes we divide the "is" into two halves, preserving the "not" intact.
• for Dn we have simply "this" and "that" (not-this).

Root systems relate two spheres - they relate two "sheets". Logic likewise relates two sheets: a sheet and a meta-sheet for working on a problem. Similarly, we model our attention by awareness, as Graziano pointed out. This is stepping in and stepping out.

Duality examples (conjugates)

• complex number "i" is not one number - it is a pair of numbers that are the square roots of -1
• spinors likewise
• Dn where n=2
• the smallest cross-polytope with 2 vertices
• taking a sphere and identifying antipodal elements - this is a famous group
• polar conjugates in projective geometry (see Wildberger)

Usually multiplication by i is identified with a rotation of 90 degrees. However, we can instead identify it with a rotation of 180 degrees if we consider, as in the case of spinors, that the first time around it adds a sign of -1, and it needs to go around twice in order to establish a sign of +1. This is the definition that makes spin composition work in three dimensions, for the quaternions. The usual geometric interpretation of complex numbers is then a particular reinterpretation that is possible but not canonical. Rotation gets you on the other side of the page.

If we think of rotation by i as relating two dimensions, then {$i^2$} takes a dimension to its negative. So that is helpful when we are thinking of the "extra" distinguished dimensions (1). And if that dimension is attributed to a line, then this interpretation reflects along that line. But when we compare rotations as such, then we are not comparing lines, but rather rotations. In this case if we perform an entire rotation, then we flip the rotations for that other dimension that we have rotated about. So this means that the relation between rotations as such is very different than the relation with the isolated distinguised dimension. The relations between rotations is such is, I think, given by {$A_n$} whereas the distinguished dimension is an extra dimension which gets represented, I think, in terms of {$B_n$}, as the short root.

This is the difference between thinking of the negative dimension as "explicitly" written out, or thinking of it as simply as one of two "implicit" states that we switch between.

Which state is which amongst "one" and "another" is maintained until it is unnecessary - this is quantum entanglement.

Massless particles acquire mass through symmetry breaking: Yang-Mills theory.

Geometric unity I tend to agree with Roger Penrose that spin has been one of the great mysteries in quantum mechanics. As best as I can recall, he said it was one of two primary mysteries in a talk at NYU back in the late 1990’s. ... understand spin and I think we’ll understand entanglement a lot better.

Compare trejybės ratas (for the quaternions) and Fano's plane (aštuonerybė) for the octonions.

Nobody know what E8 is the symmetry group of. (Going beyond oneself?)

What is the connection between Bott periodicity and spinors? See John Baez, The Octonions.

Euler's manipulations of infinite series (adding up to -1/12 etc.) are related to divisions of everything, of the whole. Consider the Riemann Zeta function as describing the whole. The same mysteries of infinity are involved in renormalization, take a look at that.

John Baez: 24 = 6 x 4 = An x Bn

Dedekind eta function is based on 24.

Discriminant of elliptic curve.

Dots in Dynkin diagrams are figures in the geometry, and edges are invariant relationships. A point can lie on a line, a line can lie on a plane. Those relationships are invariant under the actions of the symmetries. Dots in a Dynkin diagram correspond to maximal parabolic subgroups. They are the stablizer groups of these types of figures.

Spinor requires double rotation. Projective sphere is the opposite: half a rotation gets you back where you were.

G2 requires three lines to get between any two points (?) Relate this to the three-cycle.

Rotation relates one dimension to two others. How does this rotation work in higher dimensions? To what extent does multiplication of rotation (through three dimensional half turns) work in higher dimensions and how does it break down?

Algebra (of the observer) and analysis (of the observed) exhibit a duality of worldviews.

Try to express projective geometry (or universal hyperbolic geometry) in terms of matrices and thus symmetric functions. What then is algebraic geometry and how do polynomials get involved? What is analytic geometry and in what sense does it go beyond matrices? How doe all of these hit up against the limits of matrices and the amount of symmetry in its internal folding?

Projective geometry: homogeneous coordinates add a variable Z that makes each term of maximal power N by contributing the needed power of Z.

Homogeneous coordinates are what let us go between a simplex (when Z=1) and the coordinate system (when Z is free). Compare with the kinds of variables.

Four geometries

• Affine geometry preserves lines. Projective geometry also preserves zeros. Conformal geometry preserves angles. Symplectic geometry preservers oriented area. What are all these objects?

Affine geometry

• Affine geometry is agnostic regarding coordinate system. So it doesn't distinguish if we flip all the positive and minus choices.
• Affine transformation extends a linear transformation by a column (the translation) and a row (of zeroes) and a diagonal element (of 1). Thus it is similar to a Lie algebra (Dn ?) extending An.

Duality

• John Baez on duality: Dyson's Threefold Way: either X is not isomorphic to its dual (the complex case), or it is isomorphic to its dual (in the real or quaternionic cases). Study his slides!

Each physical force is related to a duality:

• Charge (matter and antimatter) - electromagnetism
• Weak force - time reversal

So the types of duality should give the types of forces.

Cayley-Dickson construction

• John Baez periodic table and stablization theorem - relate to Cayley Dickson construction and its dualities.

Projective geometry

• Desargues theorem in geometry corresponds to the associative property in algebra.
• A projective space is best understood from one dimension higher. And it is understood in terms of breaking down into smaller affine spaces. And these dimensions higher and lower are related to extending the chain of dimensions as given by Lie algebras. And the reversal of counting is related to the reversal of the orientation of lines etc. as a line is considered as a circle.

Conformal geometry

• Conformal geometry preserves angles. Radial coordinates distinguishes distances r and angles theta, and makes use of the exponential {$e^{\pi i \theta}$}.

The interpretation {$\mathbb{C} \leftrightarrow \mathbb{R}^2$} gives meaning to the two axes. One axis the opposites 1 and -1 and the other axis is the opposites i and j. And they become related 1 to i to -1 to j. Thus multiplication by i is rotation by 90 degrees. It returns us not to 1 but sends us to -1.

Symplectic geometry

• Kinectic energy is possibly zero and builds up from there. It can be expressed in an absolute sense. Potential is possibly infinite and subtracts from that. So it must be expressed in a relative sense. So they are coming at energy from opposite directions.

Lagrangian: (Force) Change in potential energy = (mass x acceleration) Change in kinetic energy. Potential energy is based on position and not time. Kinetic energy is based on time and not position.

Walks on trees

• Walks On Trees are perhaps important as they combine both unification, as the tree has a root, and completion, as given by the walk. In college, I asked God what kind of mathematics might be relevant to knowing everything, and I understood him to say that walks on trees where the trees are made of the elements of the threesome.

Symplectic - basis for coupling - coupling of electric and magnetic fields - is what is responsible for the periodic nature of waves - the higher the frequency, the higher the energy, the tighter the coupling - the coupling is across the entire universe. The coupling models looseness - slack. This brings to mind the vacillation between knowing and not knowing.

How do symmetries of paths relate to symmetries of young diagrams

Note that symplectic geometry, in preserving areas, seems to only care about the extremal points. In what sense is that true in phase space? When and how could it not be true? What is the difference between having finitely many extremal points (convex polytope? and what is the significance of extremal points vs. extremal edges vs. extremal faces etc.? and homology/cohomology?), infinitely many (as with a fractal boundary) or all extremal points? Can symplectic geometry be considered a study of the outside and conformal geometry a study of the inside?

Note that 2-dimensional phase space (as with a spring) is the simplest as there is no 1-dimensional phase space and there can't be (we need both position and momentum).

What is the connection between symplectic geometry and homology? See Morse theory. See Floer theory.

Symplectic geometry is the geometry of the "outside" (using quaternions) whereas conformal geometry is the geometry of the "inside" (using complex numbers). Then what do real numbers capture the geometry of? And is there a geometry of the line vs. a geometry of the circle? And is one of them "spinorial"?

Benet linkage - keturgrandinis - lygiagretainis, antilygiagretainis

• A_n points and sets
• B_n inside: perpendicular (angles) and
• C_n outside: line and surface area
• D_n points and position

Yoneda lemma - relates to exponentiation and logarithm

Category is a collection of examples that satisfy certain conditions. That is why you can have many examples that are essentially identical. And it's essential for the meaning of the Yoneda Lemma, for example. Because two different examples may have the same structure but one example may draw richer meaning from one domain and the other may not have that richer meaning or may have other meaning from another domain.

Whether (objects), what (morphisms), how (functors), why (natural transformations). Important for defining the same thing, equivalence. If they satisfy the same reason why, then they are the same.

Representable functors - based on arrows from the same object.

Closed curve in plane must have at least four critical points of curvature. This reflects the fourfold aspect of turning around, rotating. Caustic - a phenomenon in symplectic geometry.

Six sextactic points.

John Baez about observables (see Nr.15) and the paper A topos for algebraic quantum theory about C* algebras within a topos and outside of it.

In most every category, can we (arbitrarily) define (uniquely) distinguished "generic objects" or "canonical objects", which are the generic equivalents for all objects that are equivalent to each other? For example, in the category of sets, the generic set of size one.

In functional programming with monoids and monads, can we think of each function as taking us from a question type to an answer type? In general, in category theory, can we think of each morphism as taking us from a question to an answer?

Force (and acceleration) is a second derivative - this is because of the duality, the coupling, needed between, say, momentum and position. Is this coupling similar to adjoint functors?

Study how Set breaks duality (the significance of initial and terminal objects).

Show why there is no n-category theory because it folds up into the foursome. Understand the Yoneda lemma. Relate it to the four ways of looking at a triangle.

The Yoneda Lemma: the Why of the external relationships leads to the Whether of the objects in the set. The latter are considered as a set of truth statements.

Category theory for me: distinguishing what observations are nontrivial - intrinsic to a subject - and what are observations are content-wise trivial or universal - not related to the subject, but simply an aspect of abstraction.

"For all" and "there exists" are adjoints presumably because they are on opposite sides of a negation wall that distinguishes the internal structure and external relationships. (That wall also distinguishes external context and internal structure.) (And algorithms?) So study that wall, for example, with regard to recursion theory.

In product, the information from A and B is stored externally in A x B. In coproduct, the information from A and B is stored internally in A union B (A+B). Note: multiplication is external, and addition is internal.

In a diagram, we have a map from shape J (the index category) to the category C. Note that the index diagram is How.

Symbols (a and b) are equal if they refer to the same referents. But equality has different meaning for symbols, indexes, icons and things. Consider the four relations between level and metalevel.

Is Cayley's theorem (Yoneda lemma) a contentless theorem? What makes a theorem useful as a tool for discoveries?

(Conscious) Learning from (unconscious) machine learning.

Topology - getting global invariants (which can be calculated) from local information.

Simple examples that illustrate theory.

Let p: E → B be a basepoint-preserving Serre fibration with fiber F, that is, a map possessing the homotopy lifting property with respect to CW complexes. Suppose that B is path-connected. Then there is a long exact sequence of homotopy groups

Primena trejybę. Wikipedia: Homotopy groups Let p: E → B be a basepoint-preserving Serre fibration with fiber F, that is, a map possessing the homotopy lifting property with respect to CW complexes. Suppose that B is path-connected. Then there is a long exact sequence of homotopy groups:

{$\cdots \rightarrow \pi_n(F) \rightarrow \pi_n(E) \rightarrow \pi_n(B) \rightarrow \pi_{n-1}(F) \rightarrow \cdots \rightarrow \pi_0(F) \rightarrow 0.$}

Vandermonde determinant shows invertible - basis for finite Fourier transform

Euclidean space - (algebraic) coordinate systems - define left, right, front, backwards - and this often makes sense locally - but this does not make sense globally on a sphere, for example

Vector bundles: Identity and self-identity (like the ends of a regular strip or a Moebius strip). Identity of a point, identity of a fiber - self-identity under continuity. How does a fiber relate to itself? Is it flipped or not? 2 kinds of self-identity (or non-identity) allows the edge to be flipped upside down.

Algebra - geometry duality. (Pullback). Morphism <-> ring homomorphism. Intrinsic and extrinsic geometry. Ambient space. Relation between two spaces. Varieties [morphisms X to Y] <-> Affine F-algebras [F-linear ring homomorphisms F[Y] to F[x]]

Algebra and geometry are linked by logic - intersections and unions make sense in both.

Geometry is concrete, it is a manifestation. Thus group actions can represent an abstract structure (of actions) in terms of a geometrical space (set, vector space, topological space). And this makes for understanding of the abstract in terms of the concrete.

Turing machines - inner states are "states of mind" according to Turing. How do they relate to divisions of everything?

If we think of a Turing machine's possible paths as a category, what is the functor that takes us to the actual path of execution?

Study homology, cohomology and the Snake lemma to explain how to express a gap.

Associative composition yields a list (and defines a list). Consider the identity morphism composed with itself.

Study the Wolfram Axiom and Nand.

Mathematical induction - is infinitely many statements that are true - relate to natural transformation, which also relates possibly infinitely many statements.

Study existential and universal quantifiers as adjunctions and as the basis for the arithmetical hierarchy.

Nand gates and Nor gates (and And gates and Or gates) relate one and all. The Nand and Nor mark this relation with a negation sign.

Are Nand gates (Nor gates) related to perspectives?

Study how all logical relations derive from composition of Nand gates.

How is a Nor gate made from Nand gates? (And vice versa.)

Note how complex numbers express rotations in R2. How are quaternions related to rotations in R3? What about R4? And the real numbers? And in what sense do the complex numbers and quaternions do the same as the reals but more richly?

Quaternions include 3 dimensijos formos rotating (twistor) and 1 for scaling (time) and likewise for octonions etc

Scaling is positive flips over to negative this is discrete rotation is reflection

Equations are questions

Isomorphism is based on assignment but that depends on equality up to identity whereas properties define establish an object up to isomorphism

Develop looseness - slack - freedom - ambiguity as concepts that give meaning to isomorphism, identity, structure, symmetry. Local constraints can yet lead to different global solutions.

In {$D_n$}, think of {$x_i-x_j$} and {$x_i+x_j$} as complex conjugates.

In Lie root systems, reflections yield a geometry. They also yield an algebra of what addition of root is allowable.

Choices - polytopes, reflections - root systems. How are the Weyl groups related?

Affine and projective geometries. Adding or subtracting a perspective. Such as adding or deleting a node to a Dynkin diagram. (The chain of perspectives.)

Perhaps the projective geometry is the most basic, and it is based on rotation and the complexes. But perhaps an affine geometry arises, with the reals, so that we can imagine a movement of the origin (the fixed point) and thus we can have translations, a shift in origin, a shift in perspective, a relative perspective, in a conditional world.

Internal discussion with oneself vs. external discussion with others is the distinction that category theory makes between internal structure and external relationships.

Solvable Lie algebras are like degenerate matrices, they are poorly behaved. If we eliminate them, then the remaining semisimple Lie algebras are beautifully behaved. In this sense, abelian Lie algebras are poorly behaved.

Study how orthogonal and symplectic matrices are subsets of special linear matrices. In what sense are R and H subsets of C?

Study the idea behind linear functionals, fundamental representations, eigenvectors, cohomology, and other maps into one dimension.

Find the proof and understand it: "An important property of connected Lie groups is that every open set of the identity generates the entire Lie group.Thus all there is to know about a connected Lie group is encoded near the identity." (Ruben Arenas)

Differentiating {$AA^{-1}=I$} at {$A(0)=I$} we get {$A(A^{-1})'+A'A^{-1}=0$} and so {$A'=-(A^{-1})'$} for any element {$A'$} of a Lie algebra.

For any {$A$} and {$B$} in Lie algebra {$\mathfrak{g}$}, {$exp(A+B) = exp(A) + exp(B)$} if and only if {$[A,B]=0$}.

Lietuvių kalba:

• sphere - sfera
• trace - pėdsakas
• semisimple - puspaprastis, puspaprastė
• conjugate - sujungtinis
• transpose - transponuota matrica, transponavimas

How special is the Mandelbrot set? What other comparable fractals are there? Can the Mandelbrot set be understood to encompass all of mathematics? What is a combinatorial interpretation of the Mandelbrot set? How is the Mandelbrot set related to the complex numbers and numbers (normed vector spaces) more broadly?

What do the constraints on Lie groups and Lie algebras say about symmetric functions of eigenvalues.

What is the relationship between spin (and alignment to a particular axis or coordinate system) and the alignment of magnets?

the unitary matrix in the polar decomposition of an invertible matrix is uniquely defined.

Symmetry of axes - Bn, Cn - leads, in the case of symmetry, to the equivalence of the total symmetry with the individual symmetries, so that for Dn we must divide by two the hyperoctahedral group.

Understand the classification of Coxeter groups.

Organize for myself the Coxeter groups based on how they are built from reflections.

Particle physics is based on SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1). Can U(1) be understood as SU(1)xSU(0)? U(1) = SU(1) x R where R gives the length. So this suggests SU(0) = R. In what sense does that make sense?

SU(3)xSU(2)xSU(1)xSU(0) is reminiscent of the omniscope.

The conjugate i is evidently the part that adds a perspective. Then R is no perspective. In what sense is SU(3) related to a rotation in octonion space?

If SU(0) is R, then the real line is zero, and we have projective geometry for the simplexes. So the geometry is determined by the definition of M(0).

{$SL(n)$} is not compact, which means that it goes off to infinity. It is like the totality. We have to restrict it, which yields {$A_n$}. Whereas the other Lie families are already restricted.

The root systems are ways of linking perspectives. They may represent the operations. {$A_n$} is +0, and the others are +1, +2, +3. There can only be one operation at a time. And the exceptional root systems operate on these four operations.

Real forms - Satake diagrams - are like being stepped into a perspective (from some perspective within a chain). An odd-dimensional real orthogonal case is stepped-in and even-dimensional is stepped out. Complex case combines the two, and quaternion case combines them yet again. For consciousness.

Note that given a chain of perspectives, the possibilities for branching are highly limited, as they are with Dynkin diagrams.

Arnold - "Polymathematics: complexification, symplectification and all that " 1998 video. 18:50 About his trinity, his idea: "This idea, how to apply it, and the examples that I shall discuss even, are not formalized. The theory that I will describe today is not a conjecture, not a theorem, not a definition, it is some kind of religion. I shall show you examples and in these examples, it works. So I was able, using this religion, to find correct guesses, and to find correct conjectures. And then I was able to work years or months trying to prove them. And in some cases, I was able to prove them. In other cases, other people were finally able to prove them. In other cases other people were able to prove them. But to guess these conjectures without this religion would, I think, be impossible. So what I would like to explain to you is just this nonformalized part of it. I am perhaps too old to formalize it but maybe someone who one day finds the axioms and makes a definition from the general construction from the examples that I shall describe."

39:00 Came up with the idea in 1970, while working on the 16th Hilbert problem.

A_n defines a linear algebra and other root systems add additional structure

Arnold: Six geometries (based on Cartan's study of infinite dimensional Lie groups?) his list?

Wave function Smolin says is ensemble, I say bosonic sharing of space and time

Analyze number types in terms of fractions of differences, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_transformation , in terms of something like that try to understand ad-bc, the different kinds of numbers, the quantities that come up in universal hyperbolic geometry, etc.

Think again about the combinatorial intepretation of {$K^{-1}K=I$}.

Symmetry: indistinguishable change, thus a lie, a nontruth, what is hidden. Hidden change, the revealing of hidden change.

A circle, as an abelian Lie group, is a "zero", which is a link in a Dynkin diagram, linking two simple roots, two dimensions.

The octonions can model the nonassociativity of perspectives.

Hurwitz's theorem for composition algebras

Complex numbers describes rotations in two-dimensions, and quaternions can be used to describe rotations in three dimensions. Is there a connection between octonions and rotations in four dimensions?

Conjugate = mystery = false. (Hidden distinction).

Triality: C at the center, three legs: quaternions, even-dimensional reals, odd-dimensional reals. Fold, fuse, link.

i->j is asymmetric, one-directional. i<->i* is symmetric, two-directional, breaks anti-symmetry, hides anti-symmetry (which is i and which is j?)

Lorenzo Sadun. Videos: Linear Algebra Nr.88 is SO(3) and so(3)

{$U(n)$} is a real form of {$GL(n,\mathbb{C})$}. Encyclopedia: Complexification of a Lie group

If there is a zero in the Riemann function's zone, then there is a function that it can't mimic?

At the level of forms, this can be seen by decomposing a Hermitian form into its real and imaginary parts: the real part is symmetric (orthogonal), and the imaginary part is skew-symmetric (symplectic)—and these are related by the complex structure (which is the compatibility).

Random phenomena organize themselves around a critical boundary.

Spin 1/2 means there are two states separated by a quanta of energy +/- h. So this is like divisions of everything:

• Spin 0 total spin: onesome
• Spin 1/2: fermions: twosome
• Spin 1: three states: threesome
• Spin 3/2: composite particles: foursome
• Spin 2: gravition: fivesome (time/space)

Weak nuclear force changes quark types. Strong nuclear force changes quark positions. Electromagnetic force distinguishes between quark properties - charge.

DrPhysicsA

Exchange particles - gauge bosons.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle - the slack in the vacuum - that allows the borrowing of energy on brief scales. Compare with coupling (of position and momentum, for example).

The analysis in a Lie group is all expressed by the behavior of the epsilon.

How is a Boolean function similar to a linear functional?

Relate methods of proof and discovery, 3 systemic and 3 not.

Induction step by step is different than the outcome, the totality, which forgets the gradation.

Equality holds for both value and type, amount and unit. Peano axiom.

Peano why can't have natural numbers have two subsets, a halfline from 0 and a full line.

Axiom of forgetfullness.

Does induction prove an infinite number of statements or their reassembly into one statement with infinitely many realizations? It proves the parallelness of intuitive meaningful stepped in and formal stepped out.

Mathematical induction - is it possible to treat infinitely many equations as a single equation with infinitely many instantiations? Consider Navier-Stokes equations.

Kevin Brown collection of expositions of math

Ways of discovery in math: Tricki.org. Overview by Timothy Gowers.

The Princeton Companion to Mathematics VU Matematikos ir informatikos skaitykla

Yoneda Lemma

• Loss of info from How to What is equal to the Loss of info from "Why for What" to "Why for How".
• How: inner logic. What: external view.
• Išsakyti grupės {$G_2$} santykį su jos atvirkštine. Ar ši grupė tausoja kokią nors normą?

Einstein field equations - energy stress tensor - is 4+6 equations.

I dreamed of the binomial theorem as having an "internal view", imagined from the inside, which accorded with the "coordinate systems". And which interweaved with the external views to yield various "moments", given by curves on the plane, variously adjusted and transformed by the internal view.

Circle (three-cycle) vs. Line (link to unconditional) - sixsome - and real forms

Curry-Howard-Lambek correspondence of logic, programming and category theory

Pascal's triangle - the zeros on either end of each row are like Everything at start and finish of an exact sequence.

Edward Frenkel. Langlands program, vertex algebras related to simple Lie groups, detailed analysis of SU(2) and U(1) gauge theories. https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.00203

Study orthogonal groups and Bott periodicity.

In category theory, what is the relationship between structure preservation of the objects, internally, and their external relationships?

Consider the classification of Lie groups in terms of the objects for which they are symmetries.

Navier-Stokes equations: Reynolds number relates time symmetric (high Reynolds number) and time asymmetric (low Reynolds number) situations.

Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology, Bott & Tu

{$A^TA$} is similar to the adjoint functors - they may be inverses (in the case of a unitary matrix) or they may be similar.

In the context {$e^iX$} the positive or negative sign of {$X$} becomes irrelevant. In that sense, we can say {$i^2=1$}. In other words, {$i$} and {$-1$} become conjugates. Similarly, {$XY-YX = \overline{-(YX-XY)}$}.

Eduardo's Yoneda Lemma diagram is the foursome.

Yates Index Theorem - consider substitution.

One-dimensional proteins are wound up like the chain of a multidimensional Lie group.

Physics is measurement. A single measurement is analysis. Algebra gives the relationships between disparate measurements. But why is the reverse as in the ways of figuring things out in mathematics?

Terrence Tao: It is a beautiful observation of Thurston that the concept of a conformal mapping has a discrete counterpart, namely the mapping of one circle packing to another.

Compare finite field behavior (division winding around) with complex number behavior (winding around).

What is the relation between the the chain of Weyl group reflections, paths in the root system, the Dynkin diagram chain, and the Lie group chain.

Talk with Thomas

• How is the Riemann sheet, winding around, going to a different Riemann sheet, related to the winding number? and the roots of polynomials?
• Organic variation, variables
• Differences between even and odd for orthogonal matrices as to whether they can be paired (into complex variables) or not.
• {$e^{\sum i \times generator \times parameter}$} has an inverse.
• Unitary T = {$e^{iX_j\alpha_j}$} where {$X_j$} are generators and {$\alpha_j$} are angles. Volume preserving, thus preserving norms. Length is one.
• Understanding of effect. Physics, why does it work? How can I describe it efficiently and correctly?
• Definition of entropy depends on how you choose it. Unit of phase space determines your unit of entropy. Thus observer defines phase space.
• Go from rather arbitrary set of dimensions to more natural set of dimensions. Natural because they are convenient. This leads to symmetry. Thus represent in terms of symmetry group, namely Lie groups. There are dimensions. In order to write them up, we want more efficient representations. Subgroups give us understanding of causes. Smaller representations give us understanding of effects. We want to study what we don't understand. In engineering, we leverage what we don't understand.
• How many parameters do I need to describe the system? (Like an object.) Minimize constraints. It becomes complicated. Multipole is abstracting the levels of relevance. Ordering them inside the dimensions I am working with. What is the important quantity? Measures quality. How transformation leaves the object invariant. Distinguish between continuous parameters that we measure against and these quantity that we want to study. We use dimensions as a language to relate the inner structure and the outer framework. To measure momentum we need to measure two different quantities.
• Complex models continuous motion. Symplectic - slack in continuous motion.
• Three-cycle: same + different => different ; different + different => same ; different + same => different
• {$\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}0 & -i \\ i & 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix}$}
• same + different + different + same + ...

Does the Lie algebra bracket express slack?

Every root can be a simple root. The angle between them can be made {$60^{\circ}$} by switching sign. {$\Delta_i - \Delta_j$} is {$30^{\circ}$} {$\Delta_i - \Delta_j$}

{$e^{\sum k_i \Delta_i}$}

Has inner product iff {$AA^?=I$}, {$A{-1}=A^?$}

Killing form. What is it for exceptional Lie groups?

The Cartan matrix expresses the amount of slack in the world.

{$A_n$} God. {$B_n$}, {$C_n$}, {$D_n$} human.

{$E_n$} n=8,7,6,5,4,3 divisions of everything.

2 independent roots, independent dimensions, yield a "square root" (?)

Symplectic matrix (quaternions) describe local pairs (Position, momentum). Real matrix describes global pairs: Odd and even?

Root system is a navigation system. It shows that we can navigate the space in a logical manner in each direction. There can't be two points in the same direction. Therefore a cube is not acceptable. The determinant works to maintain the navigational system. If a cube is inherently impossible, then there can't be a trifold branching.

{$A_n$} is based on differences {$x_i-x_j$}. They are a higher grid risen above the lower grid {$x_i$}. Whereas the others are aren't based on differences and collapse into the lower grid. How to understand this? How does it relate to duality and the way it is expressed.

In {A_1}, the root {$x_2-x_1$} is normal to {$x_1+x_2$}. In {A_2}, the roots are normal to {$x_1+x_2+x_3$}.

If two roots are separated by more than {$90^\circ$}, then adding them together yields a new root.

{$cos\theta = \frac{a\circ b}{\left \| a \right \|\left \| b \right \|}$}

{$120^\circ$} yields {$\frac{-1}{\sqrt{2}\sqrt{2}}=\frac{-1}{2}$}

Given a chain of composition {$\cdots f_{i-1}\circ f_i \circ f_{i+1} \cdots$} there is a duality as regards reading it forwards or backwards, stepping in or climbing out. There is the possiblity of switching adjacent functions at each dot. So each dot corresponds to a node in the Dynkin diagram. And the duality is affected by what happens at an extreme.

Root systems give the ways of composing perspectives-dimensions.

{$A_n$} root system grows like 2,6,12,20, so the positive roots grow like 1,3,6,10 which is {$\frac{n(n+1)}{2}$}.

A root pair {$x$} and {$-x$} yields directions such as "up" {$x––x$} and "down" {$–x–+x$}.

In solving for eigenvalues {$\lambda_i$} and eigenvectors {$v_i$} of {$M$}, make the matrix {$M-\lambda I$} degenerate. Thus {$\text{det}(M-\lambda I)=0$}. The matrix is degenerate when one row is a linear combination of the other rows. So the determinant is a geometrical expression for volume, for collinearity and noncollinearity.

Exercise: Get the eigenvalues for a generic matrix: 2x2, 3x3, etc.

Exercise: Look for a method to find the eigenvalues for a generic matrix. Express the solving of the equation as a way of relating the elementary functions. Are they related to the inverse Kostka matrix? And the impossibility of a combinatorial solution? And the nondeterminism issue, P vs NP?

Exercise: Find all matrices with eigenvalues 1 and -1.

{$\lambda=\frac{a_{11}+a_{22} \pm \sqrt{(a_{11}+a_{22})^2 - 4|A|}}{2}$}

so |A|=-1.

{$\begin{pmatrix} \pm \sqrt{1 + a_{12}a_{21}} & a_{12} \\ a_{21} & \mp \sqrt{1 + a_{12}a_{21}} \end{pmatrix}$}

such as

{$\begin{pmatrix} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$} {$\begin{pmatrix} i & 0 \\ 0 & -i \end{pmatrix}$} {$\begin{pmatrix} 0 & i \\ i & 0 \end{pmatrix}$}

Multiplying by {$\begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}$} yields three ways of coding opposites:

{$\begin{pmatrix} iy \\ ix \end{pmatrix}$} {$\begin{pmatrix} -y \\ -x \end{pmatrix}$} {$\begin{pmatrix} ix \\ -iy \end{pmatrix}$}

where in each case two of three are applied: flipping, multiplying by i, multiplying by -1.

Relate the monomial, forgotten, Schur symmetric functions of eigenvalues with the matrices {$(I-A)^{-1}$} and {$e^A$}.

The complex Lie algebra divine threesome H, X, Y is an abstraction. The real Lie algebra human cyclical threesome is an outcome of the representation in terms of numbers and matrices, the expression of duality in terms of -1, i, and position.

Jacob Lurie, Bachelor's thesis, On Simply Laced Lie Algebras and Their Minuscule Representations

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Puslapis paskutinį kartą pakeistas 2019 spalio 16 d., 20:27